The Controversy Of Eugenics And Genetic Engineering

Throughout history, mankind has sought to understand itself. We question why we exist and what our role in the universe is, even though we may never receive an answer. One of these problems that humanity has yet to fully understand is evolution, which is the process of a species undergoing changes that suit their environment through multiple generations. However, in the last 150 years, humanity has made great strides in the science of genetics. In that time, there have been some subjects that have been highly controversial: eugenics and genetic engineering. The history of these topics is colored with ethical and moral quandaries that have been topics for fierce debates since the early 1900s, and they continue to this day. Eugenics was†¦show more content†¦Many of these countries, even the United States, adopted eugenic practices. One such practice was sterilizing those deemed â€Å"mentally unfit† to reproduce, attempting to eliminate mental disabilities as a result. However, these practices fell out of favor with the public due to the rise of Nazism and the atrocities of the Holocaust, where eugenics was used to a radical extreme. It wouldn’t be long, however, for genetics to return to the forefront of scientific research, thanks to the discovery of DNA’s helical structure by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 (Pray). This discovery would later lead Watson to assume the first director position for the Human Genome Project, an ambitious international research project started in 1990 that sought to map out the entire human genome, until his departure in 1992 (â€Å"A Brief History†). This thirteen-year project ended in the successful mapping of the underestimated 20,500 genes that make up a human’s genome and â€Å"has given the world a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization and function of the complete set of human genes† (â€Å"An Overview†). In modern times, eugenics ha s evolved into genetic engineering, and it is still as controversial a topic as it was in the 1940s. But why is that so? Surely if the option to change a negative trait about someone existed, such as eliminating a genetic disease like Huntington’s Disease, why would someone want to oppose that? MyShow MoreRelatedGenetic Modification Is The New Eugenics1441 Words   |  6 PagesHunan Genetic Modification is the New Eugenics The science of eugenics was widely used during the 20th century in the United States to strategically eliminate the reproductive rights of women who were deemed inferior on the social ladder (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). Some women of color, women with disabilities, and women from lower financial classes were sterilized for permanent birth control, and sometimes without their consent or knowledge (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). The eugenics movement was aimed to promoteRead MoreThe Science Of Eugenics Movement1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe science of eugenics was widely used during the 20th century in the United States to strategically eliminate the reproductive rights of women who were deemed inferior on the social ladder (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). Some women of color, women with disabilities, and women from lower financial classes were sterilized for permanent birth control, and sometimes without their consent or knowledge (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). The eug enics movement was aimed to promote selective human features in order to increaseRead MoreThe Controversies Of Gene Therapy1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe Controversies of Gene Therapy Demolishing genetic diseases from the human race has been and always will be a key role in science. However, there comes a point in time when moral standards have interjected the betterment of cleansing genetic diseases. One of the many branches of science that has the complete capability to exterminate our destiny of any genetic diseases, gene therapy, is being silenced due to the curse of society’s moral standards. There is a very narrow line in what is not morallyRead MoreAnalysis of the Bioethical Issues in Gattaca Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial issue in Gattaca is the use of genetic engineering technology in humans to create a more perfect society; this is, essentially, a new method of Eugenics. Another related issue seen in the movie is that of pre-natal selection. Through the use of the same or similar technologies, parents are able to choose the characteristics with which their children will be born. The controversy of these issues stems from the immense potential in genetic sciences for both positive use and harmful misuseRead MoreEugenics: Improving The Human Race? Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagesoffspring is called eugenics. It is better understood as the process of selective breeding can improve human society. The term eugenics is from the greek, meaning â€Å"well-born†. The idea of eugenics is to have a society be abundant with many wanted traits, during a movement called the melting pot where people tried to solve their problems with the use of technology. Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development, is the book in which Sir Francis Galton first mentioned the term eugenics. In the book heRead MoreEssay about The Ethical Controversy of Gene Therapy 1590 Words   |  7 Pagesunpredictable technology. The major ethical controversy is whether to alter the natural human genetic structure. Many researchers were successful in curing both the genetic and non-genetic diseases by altering the somatic cells of the individual. It has been accepted as a good practice. The main reason is only the individual in question receives the altered somatic cells but it will not pass to his off-spring. Thus it doesn’t change the original genetic structure of that individual. Public debateRead MoreThe Ethical Debate Surrounding Eugenics2159 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract The term and concept of Eugenics was introduced into our society dating back to the year 1883, by Francis Galton, cousin of Darwin (Harvard Law Review, 2004). Since that year, throughout history and into our current time the study and debate surrounding Eugenics has taken many forms, but controversy as society developed a better understanding of its concept, has grown in epic proportions. Today we are subjected to constant debates of the pros and cons of Eugenics and its study and use in healthcareRead MoreGenetic Engineering1896 Words   |  8 PagesThrough the exploration of these inherited materials, scientists have ventured into the recent, and rather controversial, field of genetic engineering. It is described as the artificial modification of the genetic code of a living organism, and involves the manipulation and alteration of inborn characteristics by humans (Lanza). Like many other issues, genetic engineering has sparked a heated debate. Some people believe that it has th e potential to become the new miracle tool of medicine. To othersRead More`` Let s Play God ! Gene Drives Could Be A Powerful New Tool892 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic engineering is a powerful tool that can be used to accomplish a multitude of tasks. From species population control to ensuring certain traits in a human baby, there isn’t a lot that genetic engineering can’t do. It is becoming more and more acceptable to genetically engineer organisms as our knowledge on the subject grows. There have been experiments manipulating entire ecosystems by introducing a genetically modified organism into it. It’s even possible to change tiny details allRead MoreThe Human Genome Project Led By James Watson1308 Words   |  6 Pagespeople in our lives die from hereditary diseases and our genetic makeup is almost completely responsible for the traits we are born with and unfortunately stuck with. However the genes and genetic predispositions responsible for these c ommon and rare hereditary diseases have been identified, which allows diagnosis of these diseases in prenatal stages. What if we as humans could choose to improve ourselves and our offspring by a series of genetic testing and germline gene therapy to produce a genetically

The Effects Of Low Socioeconomic Status On Health And...

Countless studies have concluded that low socioeconomic status (SES) predicts poor health among adults(Adler, Boyce, Chesney, Folkman, Syme, n.d.) and adolescents.(Finkelstein, Kubzansky, Goodman, 2006; Goodman, 1999; Starfield B, Riley AW, Witt WP, Robertson, 2002) Objective measures of SES such as level of education, income, and occupation are most commonly used to document these SES disparities.(Shavers VL, 2007) However, subjective social status (SSS) may also be a relevant predictor of health, independent of SES and in some cases a potentially better predictor. (Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, Ickovics, 2000; Aneshensel CS, Sucoff, 1996) Indeed, there is a growing body of research regarding individual’s perceptions of their placement in the social hierarchy and how these perceptions relate to health and health behaviors.(Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, Ickovics, 2000; Aneshensel CS, Sucoff, 1996) Assessing one’s perceived social status may more completely c apture the cumulative influences of social hierarchy on health by taking into account earlier life circumstances, group experiences, family history, and perceived future trajectories in a way that SES is unable to.(R. G. Wilkinson, 1999; R. Wilkinson, 1999) High SSS has been shown to be a protective factor against poor health in adult populations.(Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, Ickovics, 2000; Aneshensel CS, Sucoff, 1996) However, the mechanisms between SSS and health in younger populations are notShow MoreRelatedReducing The Spread Of Obesity814 Words   |  4 Pagesamong social ties. Cigarette use was incredibly common four decades ago, but smoking prevalence has dramatically declined. Cigarette smoking cessation is an example of a positive health contagion, where cessation spread rapidly through networks and pushed smokers to the outside of the network (Christakis Fowler, 2008). A health contagion has not yet appeared to combat the majority of high BMI networks, but there are promising signals. Obesity-related intervention strategies have displayed significantlyRead MoreEffects Of Low Socioeconomic Status On Mental Health1440 Words   |  6 Pageslinked socioeconomic status to mental health, especially in children and adolescents. Low poverty levels have been specifically identified as a key causal factor in developing mental health problems in children. There has been much discussion over the different theories as to why this is the case, but only two of these theories seem to hold a lot of evidence. Certain interventions and preventative measures can be employed in order to improve an individual’s mental health by altering socioeconomic statusRead MoreSocioeconomic Status And Health Care933 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to About.com (Elizabeth Boskey, 2014), socioeconomic status is defined as a arrangement of elements including income, level of education, and occupation. 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They are faced with negative caregivers, malnutrition, toxic environment and stress causing their brain structureRead MoreInfluences on the Health of a Community1152 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences on the Health of a Community The health of a community is influenced by many factors including the social, cultural, and ethnic mix of the community, varying individual belief and moral systems, and the impact of political and economic factors to name a few. Strong social community associations, affiliations, and ties, within the interior of the community also influence the overall health of the community collective. Additional influences are the actual physical environment, surroundingsRead MoreThe Prevention Of Diastolic Blood Pressure1156 Words   |  5 Pageseducation Effects on CVD Gupta et al.,(2017) conducted a study to detect the impacts of socioeconomic status factors were also analyzed. 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Secret Recipe Plan free essay sample

After the authorization of Secret Recipe as a title of our assignment by respected lecturer, we would able to start assignment on time. Our team of 8 members has been queried to assess the market for Secret Recipe in order to develop a marketing strategy with properly planning’s for the Secret Recipe. The main objective of we doing this report is to identify the Secret Recipe currently management and communication level in business in order to develop an successful marketing planning in future for our evaluation of assignment . We did this through completing a market analysis, determining the current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat that Secret Recipe facing currently. As we know, the Secret Recipe Cakes and Cafe have established their brand name in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Australia, Thailand, China, and Brunei. The purpose of this business plan is to analyze the strategic planning for Secret Recipe Cakes and Cafe. The strategic planning is able to help the Secret Recipe Cakes and Cafe to expand and build the brand name and increase the company sales and profit. Across Malaysia the cafe business has seen an explosion growth in these few years. In our market research, there are few competitors such as Old Town Cafe, QSR branch, Starbucks and Coffee Beans provide the food and beverage service. The explosion growth in cafe business provides the variety choice for customers to dine out. Therefore, company should be able to provide the food and service based on the domestic consumer behaviour. The Secret Recipe cafe has over 150 outlets throughout Malaysia and Asia. The distribution channel through the franchise is able the Secret Recipe product distribute equally and efficiently. In the analysis report, the current trend in Malaysia is the customers prefer dining outside from their home these days. Nowadays, the consumers are more concerned the quality of food and services. In addition, the customers have the purchasing power due to higher wages and good financial background but some portion of lower income level customer will have the constraint upon purchasing power. MISSION The mission of the Secret Recipe cafe is to redefine the lifestyle by setting the benchmark in specialty cake, fusion food and services. On the other hands, the Secret Recipe cafe also combats to produce the high and standard quality to increase the brand value. In enhance to increase the customer’s satisfaction and serve premium quality products. VISION The Secret Recipe cafe strives to success to increase the brand awareness and good brand impression. The cafe strives to control and self regulate on the food and service quality. The core values proposed by the Secret Recipe cafe Quality The principle of Secret Recipe Cafe is to maintain the food and beverage quality to maintain good relationship with customers. This is because the Secret Recipe Cafe produces their cake and food with quality ingredients to lead the high satisfaction for the customers. Dedication This is normal a company to maximize performance and productivity in business. The company should be setting the goals, focusing the result, and obligation on to earn the profits to maintain the growth of the company. Besides that, the company should not focus on the short term gain but long term profitability. Concept The Secret Recipe Cafe having the unique concept in the food menu and cakes. Besides that, the Secret Recipe cafe assists the domestic and international food and beverages. The Secret Recipe produces the food and beverage according to the culture and behaviour of the customers. Service The friendly, quality and unique service will distinguish apart from the other competitors. The service will help the company to maintain relationship with their customers. Result oriented The feedback and the complaints from the customers will influence the management and operation of the company. It is importance to gauge the growth of the company. Secret Recipe has successfully established in brand name in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Brunei and Australia by virtue of its fine quality cakes, fusion food and distinctive service. A leading and largest cafe chain in Malaysia, with Halal certification awarded by Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JKIM), Secret Recipe in committed to continue to adhere to the standards of preparations of all food and processing plant in the restaurant in accordance to the regulatory guideline including HACCP and VHM guidelines. Customers can always enjoy in confidence from more than 20 types of fusion food, 40 cakes creations and pastries, with a flavourful range of ice cream and beverages offered in all Secret Recipe outlets. In a short period of 13 years, Secret Recipe has experienced a rapid growth of over 150 cafes throughout the region. Secret Recipe continuously strives to surplus its own accomplishments and to be recognized as a leader in the industry. Goal The goal of Secret Recipe is to constantly provide the best and quality goods and excellent customer service. Besides that, they also hope to provide the highest satisfaction to all its valued customers. For example, they gather personal information in the registration form so that with this information, they can understand the customer’s needs and wants much better and provide a more enhanced and personalized shopping experience for them on their internet store in the future. Personal information is kept solely for internal marketing and billing purposes only. Focus Secret Recipe delivers a high-quality meal quickly, at a reasonable price, and is deeply focused on server- customer interaction. However, Secret Recipe was concerned that its traditional system of handwritten orders and cash registers was restricting the chain’s potential for growth. Culture Secret Recipe had very much focused on brand building early on. It created its own logo, corporate colour, marketing strategies, uniforms, menu layout, interior design and customer service standards. To be different, Secret Recipe identifies the features of a brand that can extend beyond. These features are what make a brand truly unique and distinctive compared with its competitors. Strength The products offered at Secret Recipe are high in standard and quality, which specially crafted and tailored by the Secret Recipe. The products are also closely monitored to maintain their quality at their production plant and the restaurant also offers wide selections of secret recipe of home-made cakes, baked desserts, beverages, fusion foods and many others. Weaknesses Even though the range of prices offered at Secret Recipe is affordable, but it is only focused to serve the middle income group and higher. Lower income group may not have the ability and chances to try their product and decrease the number of customer they could acquire. Macro-environmental Pest Analysis Political Malaysia is a federal parliamentary monarchy, the Prime Minister of Malaysia is the head of government, and there is multi-party system. The Party in Power The ruling party, which is also a coalition, is the  Barisan Nasional (National Front) consisting of  United Malays National Organization (UMNO)  and 13 other parties, most of which are ethnically based. Other parties include  Democratic Action Party (DAP), Parti Islam se Malaysia (PAS)  and  Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR). In total there are more than 30 registered political parties, all of which are represented in the federal parliament. Taxes The major proportion of government revenue comes from taxes, totalling 76 percent of revenue in 1999 (46 percent from  direct taxes  and 30 percent from  indirect taxes). In 1999, the  income tax  rate was 28 percent for both resident and non-resident companies; however, companies resident in Malaysia have tax exemption on income brought in from abroad. The Malaysian government has introduced a number of initiatives for manufacturing activities, tourism, the agricultural sector, transportation, and communication. Trade Policy Trade policy is to pursue trade liberalization through the rule-based multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Free trade agreements (FTAs) have traditionally been confined to trade in goods. However, after the establishment of the WTO, trade in services has been included in many FTAs. FDI /FII structure Malaysia government has a generally favourable attitude toward foreign investment, especially regarding projects that facilitate technology transfers, create high skilled jobs and contribute capital to economy. New ventures in the manufacturing sector may be 100% foreign owned, the financial sector is being liberalized and capitol controls on overseas investments have been relaxed. Any FDI that seeks to acquire assets in Malaysia including ownership of businesses without giving clear benefit to Malaysians will be actively discouraged. All industrial projects must be approved by the Malaysian Industrial Development Agency (MIDA) which has lately stopped granting approvals in what it views as low productivity industries.

Power In Society Essays - Marxism, Marxian Economics, Socialism

Power In Society A world of system designed to keep people in unjust and unequal positions is held in place by several interrelated expression of power over: political power, economic power, physical force, and ideological power (Bishop, 1994: 36). So, we can say power is defined as a possession of control, authority or influence over others. In terms of power of dominant groups over subordinate groups, we define power as domination of one group of people over another in major important spheres of life. Power inequities have been in existence throughout the history of humanity and the ways of manifestation evolved from extreme overt oppression to subtle, covert oppression. Three major forms of power inequalities discussed in this paper are based on property (class), domination whites over others (race) and men over women (gender). Property owners as a dominant group have power over a subordinate group who do not own property. Karl Marx, one of the greatest economists of the XIX century, defines domination from the purely economic point of view. To Marx, a class is defined according to the ownership and control of the means of production; and therefore two major classes present in capitalism are bourgeoisie and proletariat. Bourgeoisie owns and controls the means of production. Proletariat, on the other hand, owns nothing and it sells its labour as a commodity in return for money. The power presented here is this constant antagonism between those who own and control and those who do not possess the means of production. By possessing control over these means of production, they ultimately control labour force itself. Bourgeoisie makes proletariat to work long hours with less pay, makes workers comparative with jobs, and alienated workers just make enough for living. For if you are forced to sell your labour forc e as a commodity in order to survive, you are treated by those who buy this same commodity not differently that any other commodity available on the market that is necessary for the multiplication of capital. In Marx's time, workers lacked bargaining power through unions, legal strikes or sabotage (Grabb, 1997: 17). As a result, they could not form a united front against employers, and give themselves a power of collective resistance. In our society, we still can recognize basic elements of Marx's theory. Today, at the end of twentieth century, capitalism is still a strong and developed system that will most likely remain to be so for some time. One thing that has changed is that through the establishment of workers unions, the gap between bourgeoisie and workers has narrowed. The 8-hour work - 8-hour rest - 8-hour sleep system that Marx proposed seems to be in place in many of the countries around the world. Despite these accomplishments, the power over subordinate group still exist. Grabb argues that oppression on the class basis may seem absent in capitalist societies today, because workers are legally free to choose whether or not to accept to work for a capitalist (Grabb, 1997: 16). But, are workers really free to decide? In other terms, what are their options? For a worker who, by definition, does not own means of production, there is no other choice to earn a living than to sell his/her labour to the capitalist. Contrary to Marx's theory that bases class inequality only on the economic ground, Webber adds two more components, prestige, and political power. He argues that those who are members of dominant classes, status groups, and party associations are able on the whole to exact compliance to their wills, on a regular basis, from the remaining population (Grabb, 1997: 54). In the previous centuries, this compliance was accomplished by physical force when violent social action was absolutely primordial(Grabb, 1997: 54). However, in the late twentieth century, different forms of domination emerge, i.e. control over communication and media, control of innovation and developments etc. Therefore, we can conclude that class antagonism is present, only it is changing in form. Today, the capitalist class owns and controls the media, and therefore controls what information is disseminated to the rest of the population through TV, newspapers, Internet, etc. According to Anne Bishop, ordinary people are constantly exposed to the version of the truth carried